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    全(quan)(quan)輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)也分(fen)(fen)兩種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi):一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)全(quan)(quan)時(shi)全(quan)(quan)輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),即全(quan)(quan)部時(shi)間都(dou)是(shi)全(quan)(quan)輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong);另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)短時(shi)全(quan)(quan)輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),它可(ke)以切斷某(mou)個橋的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li),以減少燃(ran)料消(xiao)耗(hao)和磨損,只在(zai)需要時(shi)再使(shi)(shi)用全(quan)(quan)輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。過去只有越野(ye)車(che)采用4輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)越野(ye)車(che),變速(su)器(qi)(qi)后(hou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)裝有手(shou)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)分(fen)(fen)離器(qi)(qi),前(qian)后(hou)車(che)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)各(ge)裝一(yi)個稱為驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)橋的(de)(de)(de)部件。變速(su)器(qi)(qi)輸出的(de)(de)(de)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)通過分(fen)(fen)力(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)和傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),分(fen)(fen)別(bie)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)到(dao)前(qian)后(hou)車(che)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)橋,再通過驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)橋將(jiang)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)到(dao)輪(lun)子上(shang)(shang)(shang)。現在(zai)轎車(che)的(de)(de)(de)馬力(li)(li)(li)都(dou)比較大,加速(su)時(shi)重(zhong)心(xin)后(hou)移(yi),全(quan)(quan)車(che)重(zhong)量就(jiu)會(hui)向(xiang)后(hou)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),造成前(qian)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)輕飄。前(qian)輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)轎車(che)即使(shi)(shi)在(zai)良好的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也會(hui)打滑,4輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)就(jiu)可(ke)以防止(zhi)這種(zhong)現象發生。轎車(che)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)4輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)是(shi)常嚙合(he)式(shi)(shi),增加了(le)粘性耦合(he)器(qi)(qi),省去了(le)手(shou)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)分(fen)(fen)力(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi),自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)將(jiang)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)按需分(fen)(fen)配(pei)在(zai)前(qian)后(hou)輪(lun)子上(shang)(shang)(shang)。在(zai)正常路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang),4輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)將(jiang)引擎輸出扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)92%分(fen)(fen)配(pei)到(dao)前(qian)輪(lun),8%分(fen)(fen)配(pei)到(dao)后(hou)輪(lun);在(zai)滑溜的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang),將(jiang)至(zhi)少40%的(de)(de)(de)引擎機輸出扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)給(gei)后(hou)輪(lun);當前(qian)輪(lun)開(kai)始(shi)打滑時(shi),前(qian)、后(hou)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)轉速(su)差異(yi)會(hui)使(shi)(shi)耦合(he)器(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)粘液立即變稠并鎖住(zhu)耦合(he)器(qi)(qi),從而使(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)只將(jiang)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)至(zhi)后(hou)輪(lun),待前(qian)、后(hou)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)轉速(su)差異(yi)消(xiao)失就(jiu)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)回(hui)復原有驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。


    另外一個缺點就是(shi)前(qian)輪(lun)(lun)所承受的(de)負荷。前(qian)輪(lun)(lun)必須傳遞加(jia)速(su),轉向和(he)制動時地(di)面作用(yong)于輪(lun)(lun)胎的(de)力。而(er)輪(lun)(lun)胎擁有(you)的(de)附(fu)(fu)著力是(shi)有(you)限(xian)的(de),當附(fu)(fu)著力一部(bu)(bu)分用(yong)來(lai)加(jia)速(su)時,就必定會減少對(dui)其它(ta)部(bu)(bu)分的(de)作用(yong)力。而(er)后輪(lun)(lun)承受的(de)這種作用(yong)力卻很少,它(ta)只需(xu)要跟著前(qian)輪(lun)(lun)滾動就可以了。

    所(suo)有前輪(lun)(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)系統的(de)缺點都是(shi)后輪(lun)(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)系統的(de)優點。隨(sui)著一部分的(de)機(ji)械部件從汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)前部移到后部,汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)平衡(heng)性(xing)(xing)和操(cao)作(zuo)性(xing)(xing)都將(jiang)會(hui)有很(hen)大(da)的(de)提高。后輪(lun)(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)的(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)加(jia)速(su)時,牽引力(li)將(jiang)不會(hui)由(you)前輪(lun)(lun)發出,所(suo)以在加(jia)速(su)轉(zhuan)彎時,司機(ji)就會(hui)感到有更大(da)的(de)橫向握持(chi)力(li),操(cao)作(zuo)性(xing)(xing)能變好。這(zhe)就是(shi)為(wei)什(shen)么世界上高速(su)跑車(che)(che)(che)和高性(xing)(xing)能轎(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)都是(shi)采用后輪(lun)(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)的(de)原因了(le)。


    汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)形式(shi)一般有(you)(you)以下(xia)幾種(zhong):前(qian)(qian)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(FR)、前(qian)(qian)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(FF)、后置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(RR)、中置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(MR)、四(si)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)。所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)形式(shi),是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)發動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)及(ji)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)、位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)形式(shi)。國內外大(da)多數(shu)貨車(che)(含皮卡)、部分(fen)轎車(che)(尤其是(shi)(shi)高(gao)級轎車(che))和(he)部分(fen)客車(che)都采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)前(qian)(qian)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后驅(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)型(xing)式(shi),但采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)該型(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)小型(xing)車(che)很少(shao)。所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)全輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong),又稱四(si)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong),是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)汽(qi)車(che)前(qian)(qian)后輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)都有(you)(you)動(dong)(dong)力。一般用(yong)(yong)4X4或(huo)4WD來表示,如果(guo)你看(kan)見一輛車(che)上(shang)標(biao)有(you)(you)上(shang)述字樣,那(nei)就表示該車(che)輛擁有(you)(you)4輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)功能。這種(zhong)總布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形式(shi),由于全部車(che)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)都是(shi)(shi)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun),充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)了汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)全部附著質量(liang)(liang),因此汽(qi)車(che)有(you)(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)力和(he)克服障(zhang)礙(ai)、防止打滑(hua)的(de)(de)能力。所(suo)以,越野汽(qi)車(che)一般都采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)這種(zhong)總布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形式(shi)。而且(qie),由于全輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)有(you)(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)力,加速性好,20世紀80年代以來一些轎車(che)和(he)旅行轎車(che)也紛紛采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)全輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong),成為所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)“多用(yong)(yong)途(tu)運動(dong)(dong)車(che)(SUV)”,受到不少(shao)美國年輕人的(de)(de)喜愛,形成了'4WD'熱潮。但是(shi)(shi),全輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)結構復(fu)雜,成本高(gao),在好路上(shang)行駛時燃料消耗大(da),輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎和(he)機件的(de)(de)磨(mo)損(sun)大(da)。

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